
Wisteria
徳島市在住 稲井一雄(いない・かずお)
毎月第三水曜日、ロサンゼルス時間・午後六時から八時まで、カルチュラルニュースは、オンラインで鳴門教育大名誉教授の世羅博昭先生の「源氏物語を原文で読む」セミナーを行っています。筆者の稲井さんは、このオンライン・セミナーの参加者のひとりです。
(要約)
源氏物語では、以前気づかなかった箇所に改めて感動することがよくあります。
筆者の場合、例えば、若紫の巻で、帝が藤壺のために管弦の宴を催します。源氏は笛と琴(きん)を演奏しますが、藤壺は彼との不義密通を思い出しながら聴くという場面です。
また、同巻で、源氏が若紫に手習いを教えますが、源氏は藤壺への思慕を暗示した歌を紫の紙に書いて手本とします。さらに若紫への恋の歌まで書き添えます。まだ和歌が十分理解出来ない姫君に書写を促すのです。笑ってしまうやら呆れるやらで、作者のアイデアに驚嘆します。
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どの巻もそうですが、若紫の巻を再び読み返して、以前に気づかなかった箇所がありました。光源氏の切ない感情が思いやられて、涙が溢れてきたり、彼の行為に驚き呆れたりで、今更ながらに紫式部のストーリーテラーとしての手腕に感心しました。源氏物語ではそのような見逃し箇所が度々あります。
若紫に直接的に続くとされている「桐壺巻」から述べてみます。
桐壺帝第二皇子の若宮は、三歳の頃に母、桐壺の更衣を亡くします。帝は桐壺の更衣をなおも慕って、桐壺の更衣と面影がそっくりな藤壺の宮を入内(じゅだい)させます。それでやっと帝の傷心が慰められます。
帝は息子の若宮を臣籍に下し、源氏の姓を与えます。帝は世継ぎとして期待される第一皇子よりも第二皇子の源氏をこよなく愛し、事ある毎に妃藤壺と彼を間近に引き寄せます。源氏は「光君」、藤壺は「輝く日の宮」と人々から称賛されます。
源氏が母とよく似た藤壺を慕うようになるのは当然の成り行きです。やがて藤壺も源氏に気心を通わすようになります。源氏は元服(げんぷく)して、左大臣の娘の葵上(あおいのうえ)と結婚しますが、二人の夫婦仲は良くありません。葵上とは政略結婚で、葵上が夫の源氏より四歳年上であることを何より恥じていたからです。源氏はますます藤壺に思いを寄せ、それは恋心に変わってゆきます。源氏は母の住んでいた二条院を増改築されて豪華な邸宅に住みます。その二条院で藤壺に似た理想の女性と暮らせたらいいなと空想したりするのです。
さて、「若紫巻」はこんな内容です。光源氏十八歳の春、わらわ病みを患い、様々な治療も良くならないので、加持祈祷をしてもらうために北山の聖(ひじり)の許を訪れます。その近くに、宮中出入りで顔見知りの僧都が修行する山房があり、そこで源氏は藤壺によく似た少女を垣間見(かいまみ)ます。
源氏は、僧都と会話のやりとりする中で、その少女は藤壺の姪であり、母は死別して祖母の尼君と暮らしていることを知ります。源氏は彼女を世話したいと尼君に申し出ますが、二人にとって不似合いな年齢ゆえに断られます。それでも源氏は彼女を世話したいという願望が膨らみます。
藤壺は気分が優れないために三条の宮に里下りをしました。源氏は父帝に対して良心の呵責を感じつつも、藤壺への思いをどうすることもできず、夕方になると、藤壺の側近の王命婦(おうみょうぶ)に藤壺との仲介をするように責め立てます。とうとう王命婦の計らいで源氏は藤壺と逢瀬(おうせ)を遂げます。しかし願いが叶えられた後、却って辛い気持ちが源氏を襲います。藤壺が恋路を遮断したからです。源氏は内裏へも参らずに悶々として泣き寝の床に臥します。辛い気持ちを文に託して藤壺に送りますが、彼女からはもうなんの返事もありません。
父帝は源氏の内裏不参を怪しみ心配しますが、藤壺との情事を知る由もありません。やがて藤壺は懐妊します。帝は大変な喜びようで、御使(みつかい)をひっきりなしに藤壺の許(もと)へ派遣し、何やかやと彼女へのお心遣いをして差し上げます。
藤壺は罪の意識に苦悩し、源氏に恋の手引きをした王命婦も心を痛めます。源氏は藤壺の懐妊が自分のせいであることを確信し、いよいよ藤壺に手紙を差し上げて、綿々と切ない思いを綴りますが、やはり藤壺に拒絶されて梨の礫(つぶて)です。
筆者がいたく感動して「もののあはれ」を感じたシーンはその次です。
藤壺は妊娠四ヶ月となり、お腹がふっくらして、気分が晴れず、顔もおやつれ気味ですが、宮中へ参内(さんだい)します。帝の藤壺への愛情はより一層増して、日々藤壺の宮の局(つぼね)ばかりを尋ねていらっしゃいます。その際、源氏もお連れになります。しかし源氏は、簾越しの藤壺と女房を介した間接的な会話しかできませんから、切なかったことでしょう。
帝は藤壺を慰めるために管弦の宴を開きます。以前に宮中で管弦の宴があった時には、源氏が笛を吹き、藤壺が琴(きん)を弾いて、二人が互いに心を通わせ合ったりしました。今回は、楽人たちの演奏のほか、源氏が琴と笛とを演奏します。
源氏は演奏の支障がないように冷静を装い、藤壺への切ない想いに堪えているのですが、それでも痛いほど源氏の気持ちが藤壺に伝わります。藤壺は源氏との過去の様々な出来事を思い出して心穏やかでありません。「もののあはれ」を感じさせる味わい深い場面ではありませんか。
次に述べる箇所は、主人公の若紫への行為が藤壺への思慕を伴っていて呆れ果ててしまいました。
源氏は若紫の父親の兵部卿宮(ひょうぶのきょうのみや)を出し抜いて、故尼君邸にいた若紫を強引に二条院に連れ込みます。そこで源氏は彼女に手習いや絵画を教えるのですが、その源氏の教え方が藤壺宮への慕情がいじらしいほど滲み出ているのです。呆れました。
蓬生巻(よもぎゅうのまき)で、源氏は花散里を訪問しようとしていた途上、急遽末摘花邸を訪れる決心をしたきっかけは、高く伸びた松の木に藤の花が路上にはみ出すように垂れていたからです。筆者はそこを以前に読んだ時、源氏は末摘花邸に藤の花があったのを思い出しただろう、それに松の木の「まつ」は「末摘花が待つ」とをかけているのだろうと、それぐらいしか思いませんでした。肝心なことに気づきませんでした。藤の花は藤壺を連想させる切ない花だったのです。源氏は紫色に弱いのです。そのことを若紫の巻を読み返した時に気づきました。源氏が末摘花邸の藤の花を目敏く見つけたのは、藤の花が末摘花邸にあったのを思い出しただけではなく、常に慕う藤壺を思わせる花でもあったからでした。
主人公の光源氏は、和歌、漢詩文、書道、七弦の琴(きん)、横笛、絵画、舞踏といった芸能の達人で、スーパーマンです。光源氏から手習いを習う若紫は、日の本一の最高の指導者から教育を授かることを意味します。しかし、その場面がユーモアとペーソス(悲哀)に満ちています。源氏の若紫に対する手習いの教え方に藤壺への恋の恨みや切なさが満ちていたのです。
藤壺と姪の関係であることさえ知らない若紫に対して、源氏は藤壺への思慕を思わせる古今六帖の歌を、それも紫色の紙に書いて手本にします。その上、彼は別な歌を小さく書き添えます。意味するところは、「あなたとまだ共寝はしていませんが、あなたをかわいいと思っています。逢おうにも逢えない紫草(つまり藤壺)のゆかりであるあなたのことを」という意味です。そんな手本で、さあ、お書きなさいと、大人の世界を全く知らない姫君に書写を促すのです。姫君は教養のあった祖母の尼君から和歌の一通りは教わっていたでしょうが、源氏の和歌の真意を理解するにはまだ無理な年頃です。笑ってしまうやら呆れるやらで、紫式部のストリーテラ―としての巧みさに舌を巻きました。
源氏は若紫のために、選りすぐりの女房たちや遊び仲間の少女たちを二条院の西の対(たい)へ呼び集めます。若紫は時々亡き祖母の尼君を恋しく思ったりしますが、父親の兵部卿宮を慕うことはありません。若紫はほとんど父親の元から離れて尼君に育てられてきたからです。姫君の頼りになるのは源氏だけです。源氏が外出から二条院に帰ってきますと、姫君は源氏につきまとったり、恥ずかしいと思わずに抱かれたりします。
若紫が源氏にすっかり懐いたことで、兵部卿の宮を出し抜いて若紫を強奪したことが正当化されています。かつて彼女の母をいじめた継母がいる兵部卿の宮の邸宅に引き取られるよりも、女房や女童が揃った豪華な二条院に住む方が若紫にとってよかったという訳です。
かつて瀬戸内寂聴さん(1922〜2021)が、彼女の母校である城東高校(旧徳島高等女学校)へ何かのついでに来校されたことがありました。職員室で国語科の職員たちと一緒に写真を撮ろうということになった時、寂聴さんから「稲井先生もお入りなさいよ。」と筆者に呼びかけられました。筆者はそのお人柄の良さに思わずハッとしました。彼女は撮影間際にチーズの代わりに「ゲンジー」と言って微笑みましょうと提案されました。彼女の源氏物語に対する思い入れの深さが今も偲ばれます。
The 13th episode of the Series, 〜Hikaru Genji was weak for the color purple
“Research diary of sources of Heian hot springs”
By Kazuo Inai
Summary: In The Tale of Genji, I often find myself moved anew by passages I had not noticed before. For example, in the chapter "Wakamurasaki," emperor holds a musical banquet for Fujitsubo. Genji performs on the flute and kin while Fujitsubo listens, remembering their illicit affair. In the same chapter, Genji gives Wakamurasaki lessons in writing, but he uses as his model a poem written on purple paper that hints at his longing for Fujitsubo. He even adds a love poem addressed to Wakamurasaki, then urges the young lady—who still does not fully understand waka—to copy them. It’s both laughable and astonishing; I am amazed by the author’s imagination.
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As with any chapter, when I reread the chapter of Young Murasaki (Wakamurasaki), I found passages I had not noticed before. I was moved by the heartbreaking feelings of Hikaru Genji—tears would come to my eyes—and alternately astonished and dumbfounded by his actions. Once again I admired Murasaki Shikibu’s skill as a storyteller. There are many such overlooked moments throughout The Tale of Genji.
I will begin with the Kiri-tubo chapter, which is said to lead directly into Wakamurasaki. The second son of the Kiritsubo emperor, lost his mother, Kiritsubo no Kōi, when he was three. The emperor continued to long for Kiritsubo no Kōi and brought Fujitsubo—who bore an uncanny resemblance to Kiritsubo no Kōi—into the inner palace. Only then was the emperor’s broken heart eased. The emperor demoted his son to the ranks of the nobility and gave him the surname Minamoto, the so-called Genji. The emperor loved this second son, Genji, far more than the first son, who was expected to be his heir, and kept both Genji and Fujitsubo near him at every opportunity. People praised Genji as “Hikaru no kimi” and Fujitsubo as “the lady of the shining sun.”
It was only natural that Genji would come to be drawn to Fujitsubo, who so closely resembled his mother. Eventually Fujitsubo herself began to reciprocate his confidences. Genji came of age and married Aoi no Ue, the daughter of the Minister of the Left, but their marriage was not happy. It was a political match, and Aoi no Ue was ashamed above all that she was four years older than her husband. Genji’s affection for Fujitsubo deepened and turned into love. Nijō-in his residence was enlarged and renovated, where his mother had once lived, turning it into a splendid mansion. There he would daydream that it would be wonderful to live with an ideal woman who resembled Fujitsubo.
Now for the contents of the Wakamurasaki chapter. In the spring when Genji is eighteen, he falls ill with what is called waraware-yami; treatments do not help, so he goes to the holy man at the North Mountain for prayers and exorcism. Nearby there is a mountain retreat where an acquaintance monk—who frequents the court for religious royal events. There Genji catches a glimpse of a girl who very much resembles Fujitsubo. In talking with the monk, Genji learns that the girl is Fujitsubo’s niece; her mother is dead and she lives with her grandmother, a nun. Genji offers the nun to take care of her, but she refuses because their ages are not suitable. Even so, Genji’s desire to look after her grows.
Fujitsubo, ill, goes to recuperate at Sanjō mansion. Though Genji feels pangs of conscience before his father the emperor, he cannot control his feelings for Fujitsubo, and in the evenings he presses Ōmyōbu, one of Fujitsubo’s attendants, to act as a go-between. Eventually, through Ōmyōbu’s arrangements, Genji and Fujitsubo have a clandestine meeting. Yet after his wish is granted, Genji is overcome with anguish: Fujitsubo shuts down the path of love. Genji spends days without going to the palace, brooding and lying in bed, weeping. He entrusts his painful feelings to letters he sends to Fujitsubo, but she no longer answers.
The emperor notices Genji’s absence from court and grows concerned, but he has no idea of the affair with Fujitsubo. Before long, Fujitsubo conceives. The emperor is overjoyed; he constantly sends messengers to her and lavishes attentions on her. Fujitsubo is tormented by guilt, and Ōmyōbu, who guided the affair, is also full of remorse. Genji becomes convinced that Fujitsubo’s pregnancy is his doing, and at last pours his aching heart into letters to her, but she rejects him—no answer at all.
The scene that moved me most deeply, giving rise to a profound sense of mono no aware, comes next. Fujitsubo is four months pregnant; her belly is beginning to swell, her spirits are low, and she looks a little drawn when she attends court. The emperor’s affection for her only grows; he visits her quarters constantly, and Genji is taken along on these visits. Yet because Genji speaks to Fujitsubo only through the blind and via her female attendants, his feelings must have been painfully constrained. To comfort Fujitsubo the emperor holds a banquet of music, as a previous music party for the retired emperor, Genji had played the flute while Fujitsubo had played the kin, and the two had exchanged feelings. At this occasion Genji performs both kin and flute in addition to the orchestra’s music.
Genji keeps his composure so the performance goes smoothly and suppresses his aching love for Fujitsubo, but his feelings are nonetheless painfully evident. Fujitsubo cannot keep her mind at peace as she recalls the many events she shared with Genji. Is this not a richly flavored scene that evokes mono no aware?
Next, there is a passage that left me aghast because Genji’s actions toward the heroine, Young Murasaki, are permeated by his longing for Fujitsubo. Genji outwits Young Murasaki’s father, Hyōbu no Kyō no Miya, and forcibly brings the child—who has been living at the late nun’s house—into Nijō-in. There Genji instructs her in writing and painting, but his teaching style so openly betrays his yearning for Fujitsubo that I found it shocking.
Earlier, in the Yomogiu chapter, when Genji was on his way to visit Hana-chirusato, his lover, he suddenly decided to call on Suetsumuhana’s house because a tall pine tree had its wisteria hanging over the road. When I first read that passage I thought merely that Genji must have remembered wisteria at Suetsumuhana’s house, and that the pun on “matsu” (pine) and “matsu” (to wait) might imply “Suetsumuhana is waiting.” I didn’t catch the essential point then: wisteria is a flower that evokes Fujitsubo—tender and poignant—and Genji is especially moved by the color purple. When I reread the Wakamurasaki chapter, I realized that Genji’s quick eye for the wisteria at Suetsumuhana’s was not only because he recalled wisteria there before, but because the wisteria also reminded him of Fujitsubo, whom he constantly yearned for.
Hikaru Genji is a virtuoso in waka, Chinese poetry and prose, calligraphy, kin(the seven-stringed koto), flute, painting, and dance—a kind of superman. For Young Murasaki to receive lessons from Genji means she is being educated by the finest teacher in the land. Yet the scene is full of both humor and pathos. Genji’s method of teaching her is laced with resentment and the poignancy of his love for Fujitsubo. Without knowing that she is Fujitsubo’s niece, Young Murasaki is given as a model an example from the Kokinrokujō written on purple paper that hints at Genji’s longing for Fujitsubo. He even adds another poem in small script whose meaning is: “I have not slept with you, but I am fond of you; you are associated with the purple grass (that is, Fujitsubo), so though I cannot meet you, I think of you.” And he tells the girl—who knows nothing of adult affairs—to copy it. Although she had certainly learned some waka from her educated grandmother the nun, she was far too young to grasp Genji’s true intent. I cannot help laughing and being amazed at the same time; I admired Murasaki Shikibu’s narrative craft.
For Young Murasaki’s sake, Genji gathers the best perfect ladies and playmates to the western wing of Nijō-in. The girl sometimes longs for her deceased grandmother the nun, but she feels no affection for her father, Hyōbu no Kyō no Miya, because she was mostly raised away from him in the nun’s care. Genji alone became her refuge. When Genji returned to Nijō-in from outings, the girl followed him about and, without shame, allowed him to embrace her. Her complete attachment to Genji justifies, in a sense, his outwitting Hyōbu no Kyō no Miya and abducting her. After all, living in the splendid Nijō-in with its ladies and young girls was better for her than being taken to the house of Hyōbu no Kyō no Miya, where she would have had to live with a stepmother who had once mistreated her mother.
There was an occasion when Jakuchō Setouchi (1922–2021) visited her alma mater, Jōtō High School (formerly Tokushima Girls’ High School). When it was suggested in the staff room that all teachers of Japanese and classical Chinese take a photo with her, she called to me, “Teacher Inai, come join us.” I was struck by her warmth and good nature. Just before the photo she suggested, with a smile, that instead of saying “cheese” we should say “Genjii.” Her deep attachment to The Tale of Genji remains strongly remembered even now.